Exotic
Relics
It is conjectured that the successive phase transitions (namely, the
separations between the initially unified forces) occurred after the Big Bang
might have created exotic relics that supposedly would survive until our days,
like the monopoles and strange particles.
Topological Defects
Features like the monopoles (supermassive points with a single magnetic
pole instead of the usual negative and positive poles), cosmic strings
(unidimensional lines confining false vacuum (a vacuum full of energy) from the
early Universe, endowed with a big quantity of
energy and mass (1 metre may match the entire Earth's mass)), dominion walls
(bidimensional nets that fragment the Universe in cells and are endowed with
anti-gravitational energy) and textures (tridimensional defects that are
analogue to the ones previously described) may have been generated by soft or
dramatic phase transitions.
According to one hypothesis, the phase transitions would take place
through the expansion of "bubbles" of the Universe from the new phase
into regions still dominated by the previous phase. According to another
hypothesis, the transition would occur in a more gradual and continuous way.
The cosmic strings may, namely, allow a hot dark matter picture, since the excessive homogenization of the
Universe created under this scenario is counterbalanced by the huge force that
the strings possessed in its early history.
Net of cosmic strings
(Allen & EPS)
Exotic Particles
Other entities that may result from the Big Bang are the neutrinos and the anti-neutrinos (hot dark matter) little interactive with other particles and endowed
with an insignificant rest mass. As is said in the previous sub-chapter, would be that small interaction power that
would have had prevented them to mutually annihilate and, thus, they would have
survived until today in big quantities.
On the other hand, the hypothetical axion is an almost massless
particle, which holds a mass that is much lower to the neutrino's and had a low
initial velocity being, for that reason, a component of some hypothetical cold dark matter. The observation of an axion would solve the problem
of the so-called violation of CP (inexistence of a charge-parity symmetry), which is experienced in some
situations.
Supersymmetric Partners
Other extremely interesting features are the supersymmetric partners.
According to this model, the symmetry would expand due to the existence of
fermionic counterparts for the bosons (field particles) and
bosonic couterparts for the fermions (hadrons and leptons).
This way, as an example, the bosonic counterpart of the electron would
be the selectron and the fermionic counterpart of the photon would be the
photino, endowed with mass. The existence of supersymmetric partners would
eventually be an answer for a large portion of the unobserved matter of the
Universe. However, the existence of this kind of particles is also far from
being proven.
Mini-Black Holes
Some final features deserving an emphasis are the mini-black holes. During the period of very high density after the Big
Bang, it's possible that the irregularities and huge pressures provoked the
collapse of portions of matter into microscopic black holes, with masses in the
range of some billion tons and sizes comparable to an atom's. It wasn't yet
discovered any black hole of this kind.
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